Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) Education

Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) Education

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Informal Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) learning environments provide benefits to students that classroom and other formal settings cannot. Informal learning settings can occur in places such as museums, zoos, science centers, and science camps. Though they are informal, these settings can support STEM learning opportunities because they have people with expertise, tools, and resources. These informal settings can provide opportunities for learning without the time constraints that are generally found in more formal settings. This lack of time constraints is beneficial for students because there are additional chances to enhance conceptual learning, provide time for reflection, assess the students’ understandings of the subject matter, and hold informal discussions. More time can be allotted to facilitate student understanding and transform STEM processes and concepts. karthividhyalaya There are also many opportunities within informal STEM settings to scaffold students’ STEM knowledge, attitudes, and college major and career options [1]. In the past, the United States has strongly emphasized STEM instruction and learning in formal settings. As a result, opportunities for rich informal STEM education reinforcement have been overlooked [2]. Research indicates that a large percentage of students’ STEM learning has the potential to happen in places outside the formal classroom such as homes, museums, camps, zoos, afterschool programs, camps, and everyday experiences. This has positive implications for students’ STEM learning because when students are engaged in informal STEM activities, they demonstrate higher reasoning abilities than students who do not participate [3]. There is a shortage of students entering STEM careers, and programs, in both formal and informal settings, have been implemented in an effort to overcome the STEM shortage. These programs have been evaluated to explore their effectiveness and impact.

is a demand for equality across students, http://www.karthividhyalaya.com/ based on gender, race, and ethnicity within the STEM programs [4]. Engineering and science committees have advocated for the increased participation of underrepresented minority and low-income students in the STEM careers and programs [5]. Summer programs are one venue for increasing participation of underrepresented minority and low-income students. Informal learning has gained prominence as a possible contributor to student learning. These informal environments can also be viewed as mechanisms for linking formal and informal education efforts to produce further collaborative endeavors focused on improving student learning in the STEM areas [6; 7]. B.Promising Practices in STEM Education Most promising practices in STEM education have targeted two main categories for improvement: cognitive and social outcomes [8]. The cognitive outcomes typically focus on student achievement and explore the implementation of new teaching methods and technology that have the potential to increase students’ understanding of STEM-related concepts. Informal learning environments, such as summer camps, can result in positive cognitive outcomes by significantly increasing students’ achievement in STEM related areas [8]. The social outcomes focus on behaviors such as attitudes; interest; 21st century skills, including networking and collaboration; college major choice; career choice; and subject matter aversion. Research that focuses on cognitive outcomes relies on positive social interactions to extend and strengthen student achievement [9]. The social outcomes are also important because they are required for persistence in STEM disciplines and can be used to investigate the acquisition of these outcomes to understand students’ college major or career choice [9]. Interest in a STEM discipline is an important factor affecting students’ choice of major [10; 11; 12]. Engagement in authentic learning activities and informal programs are also helpful strategies to increase students’ interest in STEM fields and to improve their STEM subject

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